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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | An easily portable writing surface is developed, from the papyrus plant of the Nile | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The lever is in use in both Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Oxen are given the heavy work of pulling the plough, previously done by men | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The ass, until now roaming wild from northeast Africa to Mesopotamia, is domesticated in Egypt | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The earliest known currency, consisting of gold bars, is in use in Egypt and Mespotamia | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The world's earliest known board game, senet, is played in Egypt | |
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| 2781 BC |
| | | Sirius rises in this year on the first day of the first Egyptian month - a rare event which possibly launches the Egyptian calendar system | |
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| c. 2620 BC |
| | | Imhotep creates the first pyramid - the 'step pyramid' at Saqqara - as a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser | |
|  | Saqqara
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| c. 2580 BC |
| | | Egypt enters the period known as the Old Kingdom, its first era of monumental architecture | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | | The first and largest of the three great pyramids at Giza is built for the pharaoh Khufu, later known to the Greeks as Cheops | |
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